![]() ![]() ![]() Ockham, no less than Duns Scotus, wanted to defend the Christian doctrine of the freedom and omnipotence of God and the. T… Christian August Crusius, Crusius, Christian August (1715?–1775)Ĭhristian August Crusius, the German Pietist philosopher and theologian, was born at Leuna, Saxony. In the late 14th century, Thomism and Scotism were called the old way (via antiqua) of philosophizing, in contrast to the modern way (via moderna) begun by philosophers such as William of Ockham. Die Rechtfertigungslehre des Gabriel Biel und ihre Stellung innerhalb der nominalistischen Schule. Doctrina Nominalistica de Fundamento Ordinis Moralis apud Guillelmum de Ockham et Gabriel Biel. Ockham y posteriormente por las autoridades secularizadas del Iluminismo L AS CONSECUENCIAS POLTICAS DEL VOLUNTARISMO EN G UILLERMO DE O CKHAM 49 COLECCIN, Vol. Augustinianism Duns Scotus, John Essence and Existence Luther, Martin Ockhamism Psychology Voluntarism William of Ockham. "God could command that a man deceive another through a lie," wrote Biel, "and he would not sin" ( Epithoma, II, 38, q. The obligatory force of law has no basis in the nature of created things but is solely due to the fact that God has willed a certain action to be right. In practical philosophy, he considered moral goodness to consist in volitional conformity to God's will. Man was viewed as a volitional rather than rational animal. He taught that all man's conscious activities entailed some use of will. Biel was a psychological voluntarist for him the most important psychic activity of man was willing. Essence and existence are not really distinct principles in things but are merely distinguished in thought.īiel's psychology was, like Ockham's, close to Augustinianism: the powers of the soul are not distinct faculties intellect is the soul understanding, will is the soul desiring and loving. For Biel formal logic displaced metaphysics because he considered universals to be but names ( nomina ) arbitrarily applied to classes he considered all existents to be completely individual in character. Basically a theory of knowledge, his thought had some influence in ethics and political philosophy. Vignaux, Luther, Commentateur des Sentences, Paris, 1935).Īs a philosopher, Biel was quite ready to criticize and to offer his own developments of Ockham's nominalism. Widely read in the German universities, Biel exerted a strong influence on Martin Luther (see P. Biel's "Commentary on the Sentences" ( Epithoma Pariter et Collectorium Circa IV Sententiarum Libros, T übingen, 1495) is a skillful summary of Ockham and a collection of the views of other medieval thinkers from Anselm to John Duns Scotus. He studied philosophy and theology at Heidelberg and Erfurt, joined the Brethren of the Common Life, and became a professor of theology (1484) at the newly founded University of T übingen, where he taught the "modern way," that is, according to the nominalist position of William of Ockham. Gabriel Biel, the Ockhamist philosopher and theologian, was born at Speyer, Germany, and died at Einsiedel (Sch önbuch).
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